IT management

Gartner: Keep encryption simple and standardised to cut cost and complexity

Businesses should consider self-encrypting drives (SEDs) for new installations that hold significant volumes of sensitive data, says Gartner. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Visa Europe opens its doors to IT trainees on Higher Apprenticeship programme

Visa Europe has recruited 14 IT apprentices through its Higher Apprenticeship programme, launched in April 2011. Most will study for a foundation degree and "level 4" diploma while working in the company's technology division. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

New Look increases sales by 45% after mobile site launch

Fashion retailer New Look has increased sales by 45% three months after the launch of its mobile commerce site. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

CW500: Bill McCluggage, deputy government CIO

In this CW500 Club video, deputy government CIO Bill McCluggage talks to Computer Weekly editor in chief Bryan Glick about the "digital by default" agenda and the changes in central government IT strategy. Continue Reading

CW500: Jos Creese, CIO of Hampshire County Council

In this CW500 Club video, Local CIO Council chairman Jos Creese, the CIO of Hampshire County Council, talks to Computer Weekly editor in chief Bryan Glick about how the government’s online plans will be delivered by local authorities and the challenges in making it happen. Continue Reading

Cyber attacks are becoming lethal, warns US cyber commander

Cyber attacks are escalating from large-scale theft and disruption of computer operations to more lethal attacks that destroy systems and physical equipment, according to the head of the US Cyber Command. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Groupon to float as Facebook puts off IPO until late 2012

Online discount site Groupon is reported to be planning a flotation, while Facebook is rumoured to be delaying its IPO until the end of 2012. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

IT development underpinning Universal Credits comes under fire from MPs and experts

The delivery of Universal Credits is coming under fire as observers are casting an increasingly critical eye on the IT systems underpinning the politically sensitive project. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall

PricewaterhouseCoopers takes 40 graduate IT interns on security and testing teams

Consultancy PricewaterhouseCoopers has selected 40 graduate interns for its IT department. The trainees will work with PwC's information security and testing teams. Continue Reading

By

• Angelica Mari

Security update: Light Microsoft Patch Tuesday with low application impact plus critical Adobe fixes

Microsoft's September Patch Tuesday security update is relatively light with only five security updates. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Retailer Aurora gives iPads to shopfloor sales staff to check stock and shorten queue times

Fashion retailer Aurora is providing iPads to sales staff at London branches of Coast, Oasis, Warehouse and Karen Millen. Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

Sabre develops apps marketplace for travel industry

Sabre, the global distribution system for reserving hotels, airlines, cruise ships, rail tickets and car hire, has taken the concept of the app store and applied in to its own travel market. Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

GlobalSign web certificate authority back online after breach by hacker

Belgian web certificate authority (CA) GlobalSign is back online after investigating claims by the hacker who breached the Dutch DigiNotar CA that its systems had also been breached. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Twitter plans to expand advertising business as investment raises value to $8bn

Twitter has outlined plans to increase advertising revenue and avoid an initial public offering (IPO) after reaching more than 100 million active users. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Morrisons checks out a milestone in £310m IT transformation

Supermarket chain Morrisons has completed a major electronic point-of-sale (EPOS) roll-out as part of its ongoing £310m IT transformation programme. Continue Reading

By

• Angelica Mari

Cambridge exam board outsources applications support to Cognizant

Cambridge University's examination group has outsourced applications management and support to Cognizant that will see the company replace 20-year-old bespoke applications with off-the-shelf alternatives. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

Web security certificate breach widens

GlobalSign, the fifth largest digital certificate issuer, has suspended the issuing of authentication certificates for websites after the DigiNotar hacker claimed to have breached its systems Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

University challenge: using IT to improve services and reduce costs

Universities face a balancing act as they become increasingly expected to improve the experiences of more demanding students while making budgets go further, and IT is a critical tool in finding this balance. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

Nike+ problems demonstrate the risk of social media success

The rewards for creating a customer-focused online community are huge. But success comes at a price, as recent issues encountered by Nike's Nike+ running site illustrate. Matt Scott investigates. Continue Reading

By

• Matt Scott, TechTarget

CIO interview: Mike Bracken, UK government director of digital

Whitehall is not exactly known for being at the bleeding edge of technological innovation. But as the newly appointed government director of digital, Mike Bracken is set to change that perception. In an exclusive interview, he discusses the challenges ahead. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall

DigiNotar certificate authority breach: Why it matters

There has been much speculation around the identity and motive of the hacker who was able to breach DigiNotar and issue fraudulent digital certificates for hundreds of websites, but putting such speculation aside, what is the broader significance of the incident? Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Two men arrested in UK as police investigate Anonymous and LulzSec hacking activities

Two more people have been arrested inthe ongoing crackdown on hacktivist groups Anonymous and Lulz Security (LulzSec). The Metropolitan Police's Central e-Crime Unit arrested two men in South Yorkshire and Wiltshire for conspiring to commit offences under the Computer Misuse Act 1990. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

ICO slams Scottish Children’s Reporter Administration for data breaches

The Information Commissioner's Office has criticised the Scottish Children's Reporter Administration for twice leaking sensitive personal information about young children in breach of the Data Protection Act. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Pakistan bans VPNs to prevent users accessing banned websites

The Pakistan Telecommunications Authority has virtual private networks. Pakistanis are banned from accessing social networking sites and all internet traffic is monitored, but virtual private networks (VPNs), have enabled internet users to connect to the web undetected. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Undergraduate interns help Jaguar Land Rover research in-car intelligence

Rob Watts and Jess Cummings are second-year undergraduates demonstrating future car technology for Jaguar Land Rover through an internship programme called Extreme Blue at IBM's UK research facility in Hursley Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

Ofcom gives green light to use TV spectrum for rural broadband

Telecommunications regulator Ofcom has given the go-ahead for internet providers to use unused TV spectrum to deliver broadband to rural areas. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Orange restores broadband customers' e-mail account access but loses data

A problem with Orange e-mail – which locked out broadband customers – has been partly fixed as access to the accounts is restored, but weeks of e-mails may be lost. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

Facebook pays security bug bounty hunters $40,000 in three weeks

Facebook has revealed its security bug bounty initiative has paid out more than $40,000 in just three weeks – but has not revealed how many security vulnerabilities have been reported or how many have been fixed. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

The importance of mutual understanding: A faster track to business alignment and satisfied users

The benefits of a service-centric approach to IT tend to come back to IT in numerous ways - users are happier, the business functions more effectively, and in return IT tends to receive both more funding and freedom to develop, writes Andrew Buss, service director at Freeform Dynamics Continue Reading

By

• Andrew Buss, IDC Manufacturing Insights

Cloud computing and the public sector: What IT managers need from suppliers

IT departments and suppliers have a long way to go before they understand each other on cloud computing – that was the conclusion when IT practitioners and suppliers met at London law firm DLA Piper to discuss the barriers to cloud. Continue Reading

By

• Bill Goodwin, Computer Weekly

The business architect role is vital to business process transformation

If you have not yet heard the term "business architect", you soon will, write John Rymer and Alexander Peters of Forrester Research. Whether business architects report into the business or IT, this emerging role will help usher in organisations' transition from IT to business technology (BT). Continue Reading

By

• Computer Weekly Staff

Lack of soft skills training is curbing IT career progression

Employers are failing to provide IT professionals with the business... Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

London boroughs seek integrator to support Oracle ERP software-sharing project

Four London boroughs are looking for a systems integrator to support their plan to share a single instance of Oracle's latest ERP software. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

CompTIA+ provides young IT pro with career boost

Dujon Walsham is a 23 year old IT consultant who has worked on high-profile projects such as the IT infrastructure to capture programmes for ITV Player. His current job involves helping companies like eBay and British Airways adopt cloud computing systems. Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

RBS pay leak reveals the contractors paid £2,000 a day

A blunder by recruitment company Hays has revealed contractors at Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) earn £2,000 per day. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

BT services division takes 15 school leavers for IT apprenticeships in recruitment drive

BT Engage has taken on 15 school leavers to embark on three-year IT apprenticeships. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

Why major IT projects are more likely to fail than any others

Major IT projects are 20 times more likely to fail than other business initiatives because project managers are ignoring unpredictable events, says a major research study by Oxford University. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

One third of employees willing to change employer for flexible working arrangements

A third of employees will seek employment elsewhere if employers fail to support flexible working via mobile devices. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Failed IT projects demolish big businesses and executive careers, say researchers

IT projects spinning out of control in the public and private sector are ending the careers of senior executives and causing entire businesses to collapse. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

IT and marketing: working together for business success

The IT department builds things that scale and last, while marketing wants the next big thing - and needed it yesterday. How can heads of technology work effectively with marketing? Cliff Saran investigates Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

Green IT: How to deliver value to your business

IT leaders are under pressure to make sure IT investments are made in the right places and realising that sometimes-elusive goal of measuring tangible value from IT. Continue Reading

By

• Shelia Upton

What does HP's Autonomy acquisition mean for the UK tech sector?

HP's bombshell announcement that it is to acquire Autonomy has left many questioning where this leaves the UK software industry. Computer Weekly asks the experts what the deal means for UK home-grown tech talent and what HP is likely to achieve with the latest addition to its portfolio. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Customers may think twice about HP as PC business looks uncertain

As HP announces a major shake-up of its product range and services, analysts warn customers could think twice about HP contracts as a result of uncertainty surrounding its PC business. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

NHS trusts already planning a way out of National Programme contracts

NHS trusts in the National Programme for IT's beleaguered southern region have already begun drafting specifications for systems that may replace those supplied under the controversial project. Continue Reading

By

• Mark Ballard

UK business should educate internally to get the right IT security skills at lower cost

UK businesses should look to internal training to meet future IT security needs rather than paying high prices by competing to recruit scarce skills externally, warn experts. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Atos employees to be investigated over Facebook remarks about disability benefit applicants

Two Atos Healthcare employees are being investigated over allegations they made inappropriate remarks on Facebook about the people they assess for sickness benefit. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

IPv6: The security risks to business

IT security professionals say the security holes that will open up in many business organisations as the world moves over to internet protocol version six (IPv6) constitute a substantial security concern Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Information Commissioner calls for more privacy improvements at Google

The Information Commissioner's Office says an audit at Google's London office shows the company has taken reasonable steps to improve its privacy policies, but could do more. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Government must change the way it stores citizens' personal data, calls the EHRC

The government must bring in changes to better protect personal information, calls the Equality and Human Rights Commission. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall

Parliamentary group of MPs to discuss outsourcing and shared services

A parliamentary group of MPs that will look at how the public sector can get more out of outsourcing and shared services will begin work when it has its first meeting this month. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

US woman sues Google over Gmail scanning

A woman has filed a class action suit against Google for scanning all e-mail sent to Gmail account holders to use for targeted advertising campaigns. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

IT firm grows business five-fold after hiring apprentices

Computer repair company D&J Henry says its business has grown five-fold after hiring apprentices. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Adobe issues security updates for Flash, Shockwave, Photoshop and RoboHelp

Adobe has issued fixes for vulnerabilities in Flash, Shockwave, Photoshop, RoboHelp and Flash Media Server in the latest security update. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Ten-year-old hacker exposes exploitable flaws in Apple and Android games

A 10-year-old Californian hacker has exposed a new type of security vulnerability in many mobile games at a hacker conference in Las Vegas. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Twitter acquires social network site Bagcheck

Social network site Bagcheck has been bought by Twitter for an undisclosed sum. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Blackberry to co-operate with police after youths used BBM to organise riots

Research in Motion has said that it will co-operate with the police after it was revealed that London rioters used Blackberry Messenger rather than Twitter to organise looting sprees across the capital, with violence later spreading to Birmingham, Liverpool, Nottingham and Bristol. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Royal Pharmaceutical Society outsources to cope with restructure

The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain has outsourced the management of e-mail and storage to support a major restructure. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

US standards body issues warning to energy suppliers over cyber attacks

A US energy industry standards body has warned suppliers to improve their defences against cyber attacks. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Toxic National Programme for IT contracts to be housed under one body

Billions of pounds of toxic IT contract exposures at the Department for Health could be housed under one central unit, according to reports. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

US names former Microsoft executive as new Federal CIO

The US has appointed former Microsoft executive Steven VanRoekel as its new government chief information officer. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Energy giant outsources smart meter services to Logica

Scottish and Southern Energy has outsourced some of its smart metering processes to Logica to help support the UK national roll-out. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA

NHS trust forced to adopt National Programme patient records system or face £8.8m fine

An NHS trust was forced to buy care records software through the National Programme for IT or face the threat of an £8.8m fine - even though it had a longstanding supplier in place. Continue Reading

By

• Mark Ballard

Virtual infrastructure: Don't skip the small stuff

As more European companies turn to virtualisation to enhance their environments, it is important for them to generate a solid IT roadmap and focus on key areas such as architectural governance, technical design, and how virtualisation fits in with current and future business processes. Most important, they must anticipate disasters and avoid unwanted roadblocks such as vendor lock-in and dried-up funds. Continue Reading

CSC closes acquisition of iSoft ahead of NHS IT contract renegotiations

Outsourcing provider CSC has closed the acquisition of beleaguered healthcare application provider iSoft for $189m (£115m). Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

CIO interview: Michael Foster, European vice-president of IT, FedEx Express

What role should IT play in business? This is the question Michael Foster, vice-president of IT at Fedex Europe, tackles at the global courier. Cliff Saran reports. Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran

What is big data and how can it be used to gain competitive advantage?

Cliff Saran discovers how big data can deliver big business benefits without excessive IT investment Continue Reading

By

• Cliff Saran, Managing Editor

Former government CIO John Suffolk joins Huawei as head of cybersecurity

Former government CIO John Suffolk has joined China-based IT company Huawei as global head of cybersecurity. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

The PASC report on government IT: a cause for cynicism and optimism

Computer Weekly has to declare a conflict of interest when it comes to writing about yet another report from some branch of Parliament that issues scathing criticisms of government IT. Frankly, if ... Continue Reading

By

• Bryan Glick, Editor in chief

Why the High Court ruling in the Newzbin2 case is such a big deal

The creative industries have welcomed the UK High Court ruling that BT must block access to pirated content aggregator site Newzbin2, but why is the ruling seen as such a game changer? Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Government axes 376 more websites

The government has axed nearly half of its websites since June last year, following recommendations that all digital public services should be under one URL. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Starting from scratch - the SMB CIO

The role of CIO is usually associated with large companies with lots of technology and several IT staff. But that's not always the case. Continue Reading

By

• Anthony Caruana

Highlights from 'A recipe for rip-offs' - the Select Committee report on government IT

The Public Administration Select Committee has published a scathingly critical report on government's use of IT. We've chosen a selection of the highlights from the report. Continue Reading

By

• Bryan Glick, Editor in chief

ElasticStack delivers cloud with SAN-resilient storage on commodity hardware

Cloud platform provider ElasticStack has refined its software to deliver a cloud platform with resilient storage using low-cost commodity hardware... Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford

KLM deploys RightNow natural language search for mobile website

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines has rolled out software-as-a-service provider RightNow's CX Intent Guide on its mobile website. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Computer glitch halts Post Office card transactions

Customers have been unable to complete card transactions at the Post Office after a computer glitch across all branches... Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Virgin Media sees small drop in business sales, and loses 18,000 broadband users

Cable telecoms supplier Virgin Media has reported a small drop in business revenue for its second quarter, while the firm also revealed it has lost 18,000 broadband users... Continue Reading

By

• Bryan Glick, Editor in chief

Tate museum group chooses Drupal and cloud hosting for new website

The Tate museum group is scrapping the use of HTML code in favour of open source content management platform Drupal... Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Computer Club for Girls (CC4G) encourages 84% of school girls to consider IT career

The E-Skills UK Computer Club for Girls (CC4G) aims to encourage more women into technology-related careers by providing school girls with computing classes related to their interests, such as art ... Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

US House of Representatives committee approves cybersecurity standards bill

The US House of Representatives has passed a bill designed to increase education, research and development to counteract cyberthreats. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Businesses should prepare for Web 3.0, says Booz&Co

The next generation of web technology will transform the way businesses work within five to ten years, research by management consulting firm Booz&Co predicts. Continue Reading

By

• Bill Goodwin, Computer Weekly

Automated web application attacks are the top security threat, study reveals

Websites are attacked about 27 times an hour or once every two minutes on average, peaking at 25,000 attacks a minute or seven a second, according to research... Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford

IT industry salaries rise 7.5% in 2011

Salaries for IT professionals have risen by 7.5% to reach an average wage of over £46,000 in 2011... Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

UK confirms international cyber rules conference

UK foreign secretary William Hague has confirmed that the government is to host an international conference on cyberspace in London on 1 and 2 November 2011. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

US court gives Oracle another chance to put its patent case against Google

A US judge has rejected Oracle's claim for $2.6bn in damages from Google for infringing Java patents, but has given Oracle the chance to come up with a more reasonable claim... Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

DWP asks system integrators to list SME contractors to open up public sector deals

The Department for Work and Pensions is asking its systems integrators to list the number of SMEs in their supply chains, in a move designed to open up more public sector contracts to small businesses. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

British Computer Society – the case for change

A year on from the BCS extraordinary general meeting (EGM), Amit Bhagwat looks at how BCS has evolved, why the EGM came about and gave the results that it did, what has followed since and, how BCS might consider its future from here. Continue Reading

By

• Amit Bhagwat

Trend Micro aims to secure consumer mobile devices for enterprises

Security firm Trend Micro has announced an enterprise mobile management product to help organisations integrate consumer devices into an enterprise environment in a secure way. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Hacking group Anonymous claims to have hacked into NATO servers and stolen data

Hacking group Anonymous has claimed to have hacked into NATO servers, according to the Blottr.com news service. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

(ISC)² publishes official guide to CSSLP

Information security body (ISC)² has published the only official guide to the Certified Secure Software Lifecycle Professional (CSSLP) certification. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Data breach at York University highlights urgency of security checks, says ICO

The University of York's accidental breach of thousands of students' personal data points to a need for improved security checks, according to the Information Commissioner's Office. Continue Reading

By

• Warwick Ashford, Senior analyst

Is there an alternative to female quotas for management boards?

Should companies be made to appoint a certain number of women to their boards in order to break the glass ceiling? Continue Reading

By

• Maggie Berry

Carphone Warehouse uses business process management to increase customer satisfaction

Retailer Carphone Warehouse is claiming a 25% jump in its customer satisfaction ratings after investing in BPM software to help staff deal with sales, queries and complaints. Continue Reading

By

• Bill Goodwin, Computer Weekly

Sainsbury’s debuts mobile shopping site

Retailer Sainsbury's has launched a mobile version of its website to extend its commerce platform to additional channels. The optimised mobile site is built using a mobile platform provided by Usablenet. The platform provides access to over 15,000 Sainsbury's products for purchase. Continue Reading

By

• Jenny Williams, University of Gloucestershire

Public-funded bodies must open data, transparency chief tells Demos

All bodies in receipt of public sector funding should be made to open up their data, said Tim Kelsey, the government's adviser on transparency and open data. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

CIO interview: Phil Pavitt, HM Revenue & Customs

HM Revenue & Customs CIO Phil Pavitt talks to Computer Weekly about the biggest and most challenging tasks in public sector IT. Pavitt discusses his overhaul of the department's IT; tackling spending cuts; public sector IT strategy and the role of cloud, open source and agile development - and how IT suppliers have failed government IT. Continue Reading

By

• Bryan Glick, Editor in chief

Central government staff lack skills in IT

A significant proportion of civil servants lack skills in areas such as IT, a National Audit Office report has found. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

HMRC saves £21m with first centralised government procurement contract

The government has awarded its first centrally managed contract for print services at HMRC with outsourcing company Williams Lea. The deal is expected to save £21m, replacing 140 contracts with one. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Cisco to axe 10,000 jobs

Cisco Systems may cut as many as 10,000 jobs, roughly 14% of its workforce, to combat weak profit growth, according to Bloomberg. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Cyber terrorism set to increase after al-Qaeda calls for more cyber attacks, says government

Cyber terrorism will become an increasing problem as the tools and techniques needed for cyber attacks become more widely available, according to a report on the government's new counter-terrorism strategy. Continue Reading

By

• Kathleen Hall, TechTarget

Infosys changes name and splits into four vertical sector divisions

Infosys has split itself vertically to enable it to do more work in specific business sectors, while a change of name reflects its broader remit. Continue Reading

By

• Karl Flinders, Chief reporter and senior editor EMEA