Archive

2018 Stories

• June 18, 2018 18Jun2018 Blog Post

  Can Hitachi Vantara build 'ecosystem, stack, platform' universe with enough granular clout?

  Hitachi Vantara continues its development in the post-HDS post-Pentaho post- ‘the other bit’ (okay we know it was Hitachi Insight Group) amalgam that has seen the company now build its current ... Continue Reading

• June 18, 2018 18Jun2018 News

  London Tech Week experts advise startups to research investors’ background before pitching

  Experts have used the TechXLR8 conference at London Tech Week to offer advice to startup workers about pitching to investors, joining accelerators and building teams Continue Reading

• June 18, 2018 18Jun2018 In Depth

  Making sense of Microsoft’s cloud developer platform

  We assess how Microsoft is aligning its development tools to support Linux and open source, in light of its acquisition of GitHub Continue Reading

• June 18, 2018 18Jun2018 News

  Equinix, Digital Realty and NTT lead datacentre colocation market

  NTT had the biggest market share in Asia-Pacific, while Equinix ranked third in the region during the first quarter of 2018, according to market research data Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 In Depth

  IPsoft’s digital worker is part of a shift in human productivity

  IPsoft used its annual user summit to allow customers to update themselves on the career of its cognitive digital agent Amelia Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 Blog Post

  Can good data approaches help uncover bad data social manipulation?

  Software definitely helped cause the pernicious problem of fake news – but could also ameliorate it, says data expert Emil Eifrem, in a guest blogpost. Time was it was the tabloid newspapers that ... Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 News

  DeepMind Health must be transparent to gain public trust, review finds

  Independent review of DeepMind Health says the company should provide more clarity on data and business plans, while legal audit finds its controversial data-sharing deal with Royal Free is lawful Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 News

  Universal Credit value for money ‘unproven’, says NAO

  National Audit Office is uncertain DWP’s flagship benefits reform programme will ever achieve value for money, but says it’s too late to turn back Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 Blog Post

  The next moves by DCMS on data and digital identity must lay foundations for UK's digital economy

  Matt Hancock, the secretary of state for digital, culture, media and sport (DCMS), is not everyone’s cup of tea – especially when that cup is Matt Hancock branded. But regardless of whether you’re ... Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 News

  Datacentre industry must stop doing itself down on sustainability, says EUDCA board member

  In a panel debate at the Datacloud Europe Congress in Monaco, the datacentre industry was urged to start celebrating and stop chastising itself over its sustainability practices Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 News

  How Ocado built an online grocery delivery platform business

  Ocado has used open source tools and a cloud-native approach to develop its fully automated warehouse management platform Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 Blog Post

  LzLabs: source code dependency dragged down mainframe rehosting, until now

  This is a guest post for the Computer Weekly Developer Network written by Mark Cresswell in his capacity as CEO of LzLabs. LzLabs develops what it calls its Software Defined Mainframe (SDM) package ... Continue Reading

• June 15, 2018 15Jun2018 News

  Nordic healthcare services provider outsources IT infrastructure

  Healthcare service provider Falck is planning to transform its business with a standardised and simplified IT infrastructure at the core Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  StorageCraft to unveil unified storage, backup and cloud appliances

  StorageCraft arose as a backup software maker but now plans converged storage, backup and analytics play in a move to unify offering built on core and acquired products Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 Blog Post

  Challenges and benefits of the Cloud

  This is a guest blog by Claudia Imhoff, CEO Intelligent Solutions and founder, Boulder BI Brain Trust Like any new initiative, there are both challenges and benefits to weigh when deciding whether ... Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Encryption is under attack, says Venafi CEO Jeff Hudson

  Encryption is one of the fundamental principles on which the internet is built, but this vital technology is under threat from criminals and ill-advised government policies, says Venafi CEO Jeff Hudson Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Government Geospatial Commission opens up OS MasterMap data

  The Geospatial Commission, announced by chancellor Philip Hammond in his 2017 Autumn Budget, has opened up some Ordnance Survey MasterMap data to boost small businesses Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  AI is key to keeping IBM compliant with GDPR

  Artificial intelligence is vital for keeping IBM compliant with the principles of the General Data Protection Regulation, which, in turn, provides opportunities for business, says the company’s data protection officer Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Case study: Mercedes F1 team makes gains with Pure Storage all-flash

  Two years ago, the Mercedes AMG Formula 1 team deployed Pure Storage all-flash arrays in its datacentre and in mobile racks out on the circuit. It’s a bet that has paid off for the racing team Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Nominations open: Most Influential Women in UK Technology 2018

  Computer Weekly is calling for nominations for its 2018 awards for the Most Influential Women in UK Technology Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Ofcom satisfied with progress on BT Openreach split

  Ofcom has published its first annual report on the legal separation of BT and Openreach, and said it is broadly satisfied with progress to date, despite hiccups relating to the BT pension scheme Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Government launches £50m competition for digital pathology and imaging

  The government will provide funding for up to six specialist centres focusing on digital pathology or medical imaging, as part of the drive to make the UK a world leader in the field Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 Blog Post

  The ‘problems’ with machine learning, Databricks MLflow to the rescue?

  Databricks announced a new open source project called MLflow for open source machine learning at the Spark Summit this month. The company exists to focus on cloud-based big data processing using ... Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Schneider Electric CTO tips liquid cooling for take-off as machine learning takes over datacentre

  Witn machine learning fuelling demand for graphics processing units in the datacentre, Schneider Electric CTO claims this will require a drastic rethink of how operators manage their sites, paving the way for liquid cooling to hit mainstream adoption Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Cyber attack warnings highlight need to be prepared

  Fresh warnings about the vulnerability of national infrastructure to cyber attacks show the need for securing and monitoring associated control systems connected to the internet Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 E-Zine

  CW Europe: Lufthansa’s HR IT project takes off

  Lufthansa says it is confident of landing a company-wide HR IT project after having to go back to the drawing board. Also in this issue, read about the ComputerWeekly/TechTarget IT Priorities survey’s findings that many European technology leaders ... Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  GP at Hand service will destabilise GP practices, says Unite

  Union calls on government to scrap on-demand GP app, saying it threatens the future of NHS GP practices and is eroding the personal relationship between patients and clinicians Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  NCSC urges action after Dixons Carphone breach

  The National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) is urging UK business to improve data protection capabilities after Dixons Carphone revealed that millions of payment card and personal data records may have been compromised in a cyber breach Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Take-up of Transport for London’s BYOD scheme leapt last year

  TfL staff are increasingly using their own mobile devices in the workplace, figures reveal Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 Blog Post

  The SAP link in Cirque du Soleil’s Toruk

  Fans of Cirque du Soleil’s highly-anticipated Toruk – The First Flight were encouraged to whip out their smartphones during the performance in Singapore recently – with full blessings from the ... Continue Reading

• June 14, 2018 14Jun2018 News

  Bank of England to set minimum service requirements after TSB and Visa outages

  The Bank of England is planning new rules for the minimum service levels that financial service providers must offer, even during IT outages Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 Blog Post

  Better off Elon

  This week, we suppose we’re meant to have some kind of sideways take on Downtime icon Elon Musk selling flamethrowers to his lamewad fans, but documenting this man’s hijinks is starting to become ... Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Advanced network supports new learning model at Northampton Uni

  The University of Northampton is preparing to open a new campus at a cost of £330m, and has turned to Cisco to supply an intelligent, secure network to support its innovative learning model Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Datacentre DIY: Can the hyperscale cloud giants afford to ditch their colocation partners?

  With the hyperscale cloud giants showing a growing willingness to build and own their own datacentres, where does this leave the colocation community? Panellists at Datacloud Europe 2018 give their verdict Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  DCMS sets out plans for National Data Strategy

  A new centre for data ethics and innovations will drive UK government policy making regarding data sharing and use of public data Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 Blog Post

  Fixing the future of Fax - more important than you might have thought?

  There is a term which crops up a lot in the technology sector - ‘legacy’. Occasionally, especially when talking to very long-established companies, the term ‘heritage’ occurs. It is useful ... Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Dixons Carphone admits 'falling short' on data protection

  Dixons Carphone has warned that millions of credit card and personal data records may have been compromised in a cyber breach Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 Blog Post

  What is graph analytics?

  TigerGraph has brought forward a free Developer Edition of its graph analytics platform for lifetime non-commercial use. But, please, what is graph analytics? As defined nicely here by Hitachi ... Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  CogX AI show opens with debate on Europe’s lack of dominance

  European researchers have made significant breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, but the dominant players all seem to be based in Silicon Valley Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Prime minister announces new visa for startups

  The government promises new “startup” visa for entrepreneurs, a £2.5bn British Patient Capital fund to support UK companies going global, and plans for two international tech hubs Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Tips on reducing IT expenditure

  There is constant pressure for IT to reduce cost and do more with less. Computer Weekly explores how this is being achieved in practice Continue Reading

• June 13, 2018 13Jun2018 News

  Australian university reaches for the stars after HPC boost

  The University of Sydney has upgraded its supercomputing infrastructure to answer big questions on cosmology and keep pace with growing research needs Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  CIO interview: Richard Gifford, CIO, Wincanton

  The CIO of logistics firm Wincanton, Richard Gifford, is in the process of improving its digital propositions and developing a digital supply chain, while dealing with legacy systems Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Mayor Khan bids to make London the world’s smartest city

  At London Tech Week, mayor Sadiq Khan launched a city-wide initiative to harness the capital’s technology talent to address London’s most pressing problems Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 E-Handbook

  Application security: More important than ever

  In this e-guide we look at why application security is more important than ever due to traditional software and cloud-based, web and mobile applications playing an increasingly important role in business. Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  CityFibre wins key decision in fake fibre case

  CityFibre has been granted permission to proceed with a judicial review of the ASA’s November 2017 decision about the use of the term fibre in broadband ads Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  IT teams should rework supplier contracts to free up budgets

  There is no money for IT to help the business to innovate digitally, so CIOs should look at how their IT teams can maximise value from existing contracts, survey shows Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Insurer Beazley meets global challenge to secure mobile workforce

  Beazley has stolen a march on other London-market insurers by implementing a versatile global digital workspace with improved security Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Wales to launch £100m transformation fund for health and social care

  Welsh government promises to increase investment in digital technologies and infrastructure, improve digital leadership and establish a national data resource to share information Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Dutch region Zeeland to get datacentre without diesel backup

  One of the world’s most sustainable datacentres is to be built in the southwest region of the Netherlands, and is said to be the first datacentre to use battery backup rather than a diesel generator Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 Opinion

  Security Think Tank: GDPR requires unprecedented view of data flows

  Why is it important to know where data flows, with whom it's shared and where it lives at rest, and what is the best way of achieving this? Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Privacy Shield under threat by US non-compliance

  The Privacy Shield framework that replaced the Safe Harbour agreement for personal data transfers between the EU and the US is under threat due to non-compliance by US firms Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Investigators close Nokia extortion probe without finding a motive or making an arrest

  New details of €2m blackmail of Nokia in 2007 emerge as Finland’s NBI calls a halt to its investigation Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Alibaba Cloud touts AI smarts to keep pigs healthy

  The Chinese cloud supplier has developed an AI program that has improved the yield and productivity of pig farms Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  BT announces “unhackable” quantum-secured network

  In the face of the threat that quantum computers could crack many of the encryption methods used to protect highly sensitive data, BT has developed a “quantum-secured” network Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 Blog Post

  Splunk adds AIOps talent, nabs VictorOps

  Machine data log file analytics specialist Splunk has added an extra dose of incident management capability into its stack with the acquisition of VictorOps. The Colorado headquartered VictorOps ... Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 News

  Email-based cyber attacks gathering momentum

  Email-based cyber attacks are gathering momentum and the cost of these attacks are rising, with several hidden costs, a survey of IT professionals in Europe, Middle East and Africa reveals Continue Reading

• June 12, 2018 12Jun2018 E-Zine

  How National Geographic uses tech to captivate its audience

  In this week’s Computer Weekly, we find out how the world-famous National Geographic magazine is adapting to the digital age and using technology to better engage its audience. We ask what Microsoft’s $7.6bn acquisition of GitHub means for the open ... Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Singapore career website hit by PageUp malware scare

  A Singapore government career website was among others affected by a malware attack on an Australian recruitment technology supplier Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  London wants to show it’s open for business in Tech Week 2018

  London Tech Week 2018 kicks off with attracting young people into tech a key theme Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Industry must do more to open up cyber security profession

  Talented and successful cyber security researcher and passionate advocate for the profession, James Lyne reveals that he fell into security more by accident than design, and says training and recruitment must change to find and develop talented ... Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 Blog Post

  Brave new world opens up for Microsoft

  Arguably, open source is not an alternative to commercial software. Rather, it is a way to create software collaboratively, and at a global scale. Active contributors in the open source community ... Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Artificial intelligence names London as UK’s top innovation hub

  An AI tool from Data City and the Open Data Institute has ranked the best clusters of cities for innovation across various technologies Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 In Depth

  Is DevOps the best approach to software development?

  A DevOps model builds on an agile approach to software development, but a different approach to tooling is needed Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Supply shortages continue to blight EMEA-wide server market, Gartner data shows

  Server shipments across EMEA have returned to growth, but supply shortages of key components are continuing to inflate revenue Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 Opinion

  Is 5G more than just another generation of mobile?

  Although several mobile network operators have announced launch dates for 5G services, many people remain unsure about the aspirations for 5G, what it means for users, its monetisation and its timescales Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 In Depth

  Intel Optane DIMM aims at persistent storage on the motherboard

  Intel to make 3D Xpoint flash available to applications in a tier below RAM and above storage, with in-memory databases, analytics and high performance computing set to benefit Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 In Depth

  How Australia is keeping pace with ICS threats

  Besides bridging the security gap between IT and operational technology teams, Australia is driving efforts to bolster the security of IoT devices Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Security Think Tank: Data flow visibility is essential to security

  Why is it important to know where data flows, with whom it is shared and where it lives at rest, and what is the best way of achieving this? Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Coinrail cyber heist highlights need for exchange security

  A cyber heist at South Korea’s Coinrail has prompted fresh calls for industry regulations to drive better cyber security at cryptocurrency exchanges Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  An audience with Matt Hancock, secretary of state for digital, culture, media and sport

  Matt Hancock is the first Cabinet minister with a digital background, and he's keen to impress on the tech sector that he’s on their side Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  APAC remains a hotbed for software piracy

  The Asia-Pacific region is still seeing the highest use of unlicensed software installations globally, making enterprises more susceptible to cyber attacks from malware Continue Reading

• June 11, 2018 11Jun2018 News

  Irish government vows to ease planning procedures for datacentre investors

  After Apple and Amazon saw their datacentre plans tripped up by the Irish planning system, the government has outlined its commitment to easing the path to construction for other operators Continue Reading

• June 10, 2018 10Jun2018 News

  GDS loses digital identity policy to DCMS

  The move follows DCMS taking over data policy from GDS and means Cabinet Office is no longer responsible for relations with private sector ID ecosystem Continue Reading

• June 10, 2018 10Jun2018 News

  Singapore government to regulate eSIM technology

  The government is gathering feedback on key proposals such as forbidding telcos to lock embedded SIM-enabled devices to their networks Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  Parliamentary computers at risk after staff targeted by phone phishing

  Police are investigating phone phishing attacks targeted against Parliament. Staff warned not to disclose details of their computers to fraudulent callers. Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  BYOD for mobile ‘a year away’ for Williams F1

  Companies in the Williams Group – the Formula One racing operation Williams Grand Prix Engineering and its high-growth sister operation Williams Advanced Engineering – are investing with mobile security front-of-mind to enable more agile working ... Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 Opinion

  Security Think Tank: Focus on data protection, but do not rely on DLP alone

  Why is it important to know where data flows, with whom it's shared and where it lives at rest – and what is the best way of achieving this? Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  Thriving fintech, AI sectors give boost to UK tech funding

  British technology businesses have received £5bn worth of venture capital funding since June 2016 – more than France, Germany and Sweden put together – with fintech and AI startups standing out Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 Blog Post

  European Court hearing into EU-US data transfer system will not happen for at least 18 months

  By Kevin Cahill The European Court of Justice may not have a hearing into crucial questions about the legality of the EU-US data transfer system for at least 18 months according to a spokesperson ... Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  Medical firm puts vTax and SAN to sleep to save £30,000 with Scale

  Penlon replaces HPE servers and storage and VMware virtualisation to escape the high costs of licensing, and deploys Scale Computing hyper-converged appliances at two UK datacentres Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  BT’s Gavin Patterson quits under shareholder pressure

  Patterson’s resignation comes just weeks after he announced 13,000 redundancies across BT Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 Blog Post

  The hunt is on for a new BT CEO, but who would fill Gavin Patterson's shoes?

  Facing negative PR all around after announcing a strategic realignment that is to see 13,000 employees made redundant and the closure of its central London HQ after over 100 years, even the good ... Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 News

  Businesses must report cyber crime, panel urges

  By reporting cyber crimes, private enterprise can help improve national and international cyber defences and bring criminals to justice, according to an expert panel Continue Reading

• June 08, 2018 08Jun2018 Blog Post

  With big data comes big responsibility

  In this guest post, Darren Watkins, managing director at colocation provider VIRTUS Data Centres, on how to help organisations take back control over their big data. When the story broke in March ... Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 Blog Post

  Educating Norris

  One app mentioned at Zendesk’s customer experience conference this month was Replika, an AI friend that on first impression seems barely an improvement on grandparent’s crumpet Eliza from 1964. ... Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  DWP finally publishes Universal Credit business case

  Published eight years after the programme began, the business case states that Universal Credit will generate £8bn a year in “economic value” once it is in a “steady state” Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 Blog Post

  SAP new products span chatbots, AI, multi-cloud & blockchain

  It has been a busy week at SAP Sapphire, the conference is staged in association with the independent ASUG (Americas SAP User Group). Along with partner news, there were core platform shifts (news ... Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  Cyber security focus too much on tech, says Domino’s CISO

  Many organisations are still focusing only on technology and compliance, which means their cyber defences are not as solid as they think, according to Domino’s Pizza chief information security officer Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  IT spending reaches 10-year high as CIOs struggle with digital technology strategy

  IT leaders have seen their budgets and headcounts rise for the first time in 10 years, but face challenges implementing their digital strategies Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  Nation state cyber attacks affect all, says former GCHQ boss

  Cyber attacks by nation states used to be a small part of the problem for state authorities to address, but now all organisations are potential targets of nation state attacks, according to former GCHQ head Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  Newcastle Council to show off smartest street in Britain

  The Great Exhibition of the North will see Mosley Street in Newcastle upon Tyne transformed into Britain’s smartest street as part of a demonstration of IoT technology Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 Blog Post

  What is pervasive engineering?

  SAP used its ASUG (Americas SAP User Group) Sapphire Now conference held in Orlando, Florida this year to detail a number of ‘telling’ partner initiatives that could suggest new directions of focus ... Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  5G transformative for UK plc, but potential impacts still vague

  5G mobile technology looks set to transform the UK economy for the better, but the immaturity of the technology and lack of standards makes its true impact harder to judge, according to a report by Deloitte Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  European CIOs establish committee to drive IT value in business

  Technology Business Council creates a European arm to help CIOs get the best value and efficiency from their IT assets Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 News

  Business not learning from past cyber security incidents

  Businesses are still not getting the basics right and they are not learning from past security incidents, according to world-renowned security blogger and trainer Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 E-Handbook

  Infrastructure optimisation for business application performance

  In this e-guide, we take a look at some of the latest trends in server hardware design and specifications to help IT buyers make an informed choice about the best infrastructure to run their portfolios of business applications on. Continue Reading

• June 07, 2018 07Jun2018 Opinion

  Security Think Tank: Understand data for risk-based protection

  Why is it important to know where data flows, with whom it is shared and where it lives at rest, and what is the best way of achieving this? Continue Reading

• June 06, 2018 06Jun2018 News

  What SAP C/4 Hana means for the APAC enterprises

  The cloud-based CRM suite could find takers, but it may not be enticing enough for Salesforce.com CRM customers that also run SAP’s ERP software to make the switch Continue Reading

• June 06, 2018 06Jun2018 In Depth

  Beyond Docker and Kubernetes: The container ecosystem continues to evolve

  Enterprise interest in container technologies is on the rise, and organisations need to get clued up on who does what and how it can benefit them Continue Reading